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Computer Science

Polymers offer a better view

A window opens for analyzing the distribution of small molecules in biological and medical tissue samples.

A laser converts molecules of interest into ions that can be fed through, and detected by, mass spectrometry. The polymeric matrix facilitates the desorption and ionization of the analyte (purple) but is not detected itself. © 2018 KAUST; Anastasia Khrenova

Improvements in how samples are prepared will add range and flexibility to a method that detects the location of selected molecules within a biological sample, such as a slice of tissue.

In the chemical analysis tool known as matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS), a laser beam kicks charged particles, known as ions, out of the sample. The ions are then fed through a mass spectrometer that detects them based on their mass. Repeating this process thousands of times, while the sample is moved in two dimensions, generates images that reveal the distribution of selected molecules throughout the sample. This process enables researchers to study the role of specific chemicals in biological and pathological applications.

Before the sample can be analyzed in this way, it must be embedded in a material called a matrix, but the small molecules generally used to form matrices impose limitations on the technique. Detecting metabolites, small molecules of biological and medical interest, has been particularly difficult due to interfering signals from molecules of the matrix.

Now a new class of matrices made of polymers that have larger molecules than conventional matrices has been developed by  Dominik L. Michels from KAUST’s Visual Computing  Center together with  former KAUST postdoctoral researcher Franziska Lissel, who is now a junior faculty researching at the Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research (IPF) in Germany. In addition, the KAUST Catalysis Center‘s Nikos Hadjichristidis was essential to the success of the project.

The project's principal investigators (L-R): Nikos Hadjichristidis, Dominik L. Michels and Franziska Lissel.

The project’s principal investigators (L-R): Nikos Hadjichristidis, Dominik L. Michels and Franziska Lissel.

© 2018 KAUST

“This eliminates many of the disadvantages of small molecule matrices,” says Lissel. She explains that the new polymer matrices enable the tracking of many more of the chemicals of interest in studying cancer as well as the location of drugs, which were previously unaccessible using MALDI imaging. “There are so many more research questions we can now explore,” she adds.

One surprise for the researchers came when they realized that samples embedded in the polymer matrices could be examined for positively as well as negatively charged ions. This rare dual-mode analysis brings powerful increased flexibility to the procedure.

Sagittal rat brain section: Exemplary ion image of a selected mass channel acquired by MALDI imaging of a sagittal rat brain section in negative mode. This heat map represents the relative concentration of a single ion investigated in the tissue (red>yellow>green>blue).

Sagittal rat brain section: Exemplary ion image of a selected mass channel acquired by MALDI imaging of a sagittal rat brain section in negative mode. This heat map represents the relative concentration of a single ion investigated in the tissue (red>yellow>green>blue).

Reproduced with permission from reference 1 © 2018 American Chemical Society

Coronal rat brain section: Exemplary ion image of a selected mass channel acquired by MALDI  imaging of a coronal rat brain section in negative mode. This heat map represents the relative concentration of a single ion investigated in the tissue (red>yellow>green>blue).

Coronal rat brain section: Exemplary ion image of a selected mass channel acquired by MALDI  imaging of a coronal rat brain section in negative mode. This heat map represents the relative concentration of a single ion investigated in the tissue (red>yellow>green>blue).

Reproduced with permission from reference 1 © 2018 American Chemical Society

References

  1. Horatz, K., Giampa, M., Karpov, Y., Sahre, K., Bednarz,H., Kiriy, A., Voit, B., Niehaus, K., Hadjichristidis, N., Dominik L., Michels, D.L. & Lissel, F. Conjugated polymers as a new class of dual-mode matrices for MALDI mass spectrometry and imaging. Journal of the American Chemical Society 140, 11416–11423 (2018).| article
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